Singular & Plural Terms

It must have been half a year since I last updated my lessons. It seems like time just flies like the wind unseen.

In Burmese, a-chain2 means time. The English word "time" is usually singular, such as in "time stands still". But, you can also say "times are bad", or use it to mean frequency as in "I have done it three times."

Likewise, the word dway2 is added in Burmese to make the word "time" plural.

Who would have thought Father Time can be Plural (dway2)?

a-chain2 — time

dway2 — plural

de2-lo2 beare3 — just like this (like this + exactly!)

kone2 — to have run out

thwa3 — to go (used as particle to indicate past tense)

deare2 — affirmative

bya2 — male term of affirmative statement

a-chain2 dway2 de2-lo2 beare3 kone2 thwa3 deare2 bya2

Time just flies by in my life. (uttered by the male person).

You can use the above phrase to describe the meaningless life without a purpose, without concrete results. (Be sure to look sad when you say that phrase like an actor on the stage.) You can also use that phrase to describe the wasted time in the traffic jam.

How would a female person say that phrase? You can replace bya2 with the female term shin1. But, more animated and energetic word is tau2.

a-chain2 dway2 de2-lo2 beare3 kone2 thwa3 deare2 tau2

Time just flies by in my life. (uttered by female person).

If you want to be even more animated, like in Newspaper comics, a female person would say...

a-chain2 dway2 de2-lo2 beare3 kone2 thwa3 deare2 tau2 yay1

Dway2 can make most nouns plural

In English, you add "s" or "es" to make many words (you can count) plural as in "mangoes", "oranges", "cars" and so on. But then, the plural of "this man" becomes "those men". You don't say "peoples" but "many people". You don't put "sugars" but "some sugar".

Burmese is less complicated. You can make most nouns plural by adding

dway2.

Similar word mya3 is used in the written language. However, nobody will use mya3 as a plural word in spoken Burmese.

Although it is possible to have spoken phrases with mya3 right after the noun, it does not modify the noun to the plural word.

For instance, mya3 in

a-loat mya3 nay2 deare2

means I have "many" a-loat (work) to do as opposed to "a few" (neare3).

It should be noted that mya3 in the above Burmese sentence is a verb "be abundant", but if you translate it into English sentence, it is equivalent to adjective "many".

You can say:

a-loat dway2 mya3 nay2 deare2 — I am busy.

The plural dway2 can be omitted.

lu2 — People

dway2 — plural

a-mya3 ji3 — so many

beare3 — exactly

ha1 — emphasis particle equivalent to exclamation "Gosh!", "Oh, my God!"

lu2 dway2 a-mya3 ji3 beare3 ha1

Gosh! there are so many people!

There are exceptions to dway2 usage. You can say, "water has leaked in" by adding plural dway2 to water, but you don't say, "please drink water dway2".

There are no hard and fast rules as to when you can add that plural word. In my analysis, there is no dway2 in "please drink water" because you are referring to a single glass of water.

yay2 — Water

dway2 — plural

win2 — enter

la2 byi2 — has come (come + has reached certain level, state or condition)

ha1 — exclamation as in "Gosh!", "Oh, my God!"

yay2 dway2 win2 la2 byi2 ha1

Oh, my God! Water has leaked in!

In Myanmar Language, it is possible to use the word water (yay2) as either singular or plural term. It can be used as plural by adding the suffix (dway2) as this video clip shows.

yay2 — Water (without plural word)

thout — to drink

ba2 — polite suggestion

ome3 — please; "won't you" type of suggestion

a-ba1 — address to the elder man (old uncle)

yay2 thout ba2 ome3 a-ba1

Grandpa, won't you have some water?

Nobody will say, "yay2 dway2 thout ba2 ome3 a-ba1", just like nobody will say, "Please drink many waters" in English.

Similarly,

hta1-min3 — cooked rice (without plural word) (noun)

htut — again; one after another (adverb)

hteare1 — put in (verb)

ba2 — polite suggestion (particle)

ome3 — "won't you" type of suggestion (particle)

hta1-min3 htut hteare1 ba2 ome3

Won't you have some more rice?

Please refer to the detail explanation of the word htut.

Why is dway2 missing? That's probably because each person has his or her meal using only a single plate. Let's analyze some more. You can say, "I have bought apple dway2", but you offer the apple in singular form because you don't expect someone to bite 2 apples (or 2 pieces) at the same time.

Think of it this way. You can add plural to the clothing items such as "shirts", but you ask someone to put on the shirt.

pan3-thi3 — apple

dway2 — plural

weare2 — to buy

hta3 — modifies the verb "to buy" to "has bought"

deare2 — affirmative.

pan3-thi3 dway2 weare2 hta3 deare2

I have bought some apples.

pan3-thi3 — apple

sa3 — to eat

ba2 — polite suggestion

ome3 — "won't you" type of suggestion

pan3-thi3 sa3 ba2 ome3 — Won't you have some apples?

hsun2 — uncooked rice (without plural word)

weare2 — buy

ya1 — particle: "need to do"

ome3 — suggestion or reminder with a need of something in this context

meare2 — going to; future tense or intention.

hsun2 weare2 ya1 ome3 meare2

I / We need to buy rice.

Again, dway2 is missing probably because people usually buy one bag and one variety of rice at a time. If you put dway2, you know right away it does not sound right.

However, when someone says "that shop is selling rice dway2" it becomes plausible; only linguists and Burmese language teachers will argue among themselves whether it is a correct Burmese or not.

ho2 — that (pronoun)

hsine2 — shop (noun)

hma2 — at; location indicator (postpositional marker)

hsun2 — uncooked rice (noun)

dway2 — plural (particle)

youn3 — sell (verb)

nay2 — present participle [~ing] that modifies "sell" to "selling" (particle)

deare2 — affirmative (postpositional marker)

ho2 hsine2 hma2 hsun2 dway2 youn3 nay2 deare2

The shop over there is selling rice. (of different varieties in several bags.)

The above hypothetical sentence has a tone of surprise in it. That's what you would tell someone if you unexpectedly discovered that the shop over there is selling rice. If you just want to tell someone that rice is available at that shop, you normally say it in the singular form.

ho2 — that

hsine2 — shop

hma2 — at; location indicator

hsun2 — uncooked rice

youn3 — sell

deare2 — affirmative

ho2 hsine2 hma2 hsun2 youn3 deare2

Rice is available at that shop (or) You can buy rice over there.

Concepts dway2

As you have seen earlier, you can add dway2 to concepts that cannot be seen such as time, or work (which is not really an object.) Here's an another example:

dtha1-bau3 — mental view point, thinking pattern, and personality

dway2 — plural

kja1 — "come down" to such a state of mind (verb)

nay2 — ongoing activity; present participle [~ing]

deare2 — affirmative

dtha1-bau3 dway2 kja1 nay2 deare2

be very appreciative with delight and desire

For example, you can say someone is

dtha1-bau3 dway2 kja1 nay2 deare2

as he is looking at the latest car model in the showroom. Try to imagine him with eyes wide-open, smiling with excitement, going around the shiny new sports car several times, touching it, looking at it from different angles, and wanting it.

General Pattern of Singular & Plural Words

Generally, you can add "dway2" to

• all plants, flowers, and living beings including people
• vegetable(s) in general term, but not to specific names such as "cabbage", "bean-sprouts", etc.. In Burmese, you say "bean-sprouts" without (s).
• all professionals such as teachers, police, workers, etc.
• most objects that you can count such as books, chairs, bottles, cars, buildings
• things that cannot be counted but still part of Nature & Environment: dust, clouds, rain, water, moisture
• concepts and poetic words that you cannot count, touch, or see such as in doat-kha1 dway2 mya3 (be afflicted with many sufferings)

You normally DON'T add "dway2" to

• food & drinks: meat, fish, rice, eggs, milk, sugar, water, all types of beverages.
• cooking ingredients: cooking oil, salt, spices, onions, garlics
• items that you use or consume one at a time: medicine, clothing when the conversation is about such usage or consumption.
• items that come in a lot, a pile, or a bunch: a bunch of banana, a bag of rice.

You (doh1) better review (ja1)

I have already explained in lesson 4 the word doh1 which can make you (one person) to you people, he to them, and I to we. So, doh1 can make singular to plural for 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person. There is no English equivalent that can make "he" to "he(s)".

doh1 and dway2 are not interchangeable, but dway2 can be added after doh1 to make a stronger unity as a whole.

nga2 — I

nga2 doh1 — We

nga2 doh1 dway2 — We the people

In written Burmese Language, the plural word mya3 is never used after doh1.

In lesson 2, I have already given sufficient examples using ja1.

Unlike dway2, which modifies the noun (such as apple) to plural, ja1 modifies the verb (e.g. to eat, to go, to play, to review) to plural just like the heading of this section: You (doh1) better review (ja1).

The English equivalent would be like changing the verbs "does" to "do", "goes" to "go", "eats" to "eat", and so on.

Example: sa3 ja1 zo1 in English is "Let's eat", not "Let's eats".

Since verbs are action words, ja1 is applicable to all beings including animals capable of actions.

Another plural for the verb: kone2

If something happens to plants or inanimate things like clothes and books, there is an another word attached after the the verb to indicate whatever happened to those things.

a-woot - cloth

dway2 - plural of the noun (clothes)

yay2-hso2 - get wet

kone2 - plural of the verb (get wet)

ba2 - softens the tone

byi2 - ending word to show that some condition has reached.

a-woot dway2 yay2-hso2 kone2 ba2 byi2

OMG, the clothes are getting wet!

Note that there are two plural makers in the above sentence. The first particle dway2 shows the plurality of the noun.

The second particle kone2 not only shows that getting wet is plural, it also gives the sense of totality 'all' and 'everything'.

Similar sentence pattern can be used to say:

tha1-kho3 dway2 pyay3 kone2 byi2

Thieves are running away!

Unlike the inanimate things which are subjected to unfortunate events, animate things like in the above example are in the active mode. Also note that you don't use kone2 in the sentence to a single thief.

In Conclusion, rain can be with or without (dway2)

2013 is an incredible year with lots of rain dway2, wind dway2, and flood dway2 not only in Yangon, but also in other parts of the World such as Southern Alberta and Toronto in Canada, London, and Paris. Rain can be catastrophic. But then, sometimes it is a pleasant surprise like hearing a song that was requested.

Don't worry too much whether or not to add dway2. Even Burmese people don't know which is right all the time. I will end this lesson with a song in my childhood.

sa1-nay2 — Saturday

hma2 — at, on

ywa2 — falling of the rain drops

deare1 — that, the subject of the conversation (rain in this case)

mo3 — rain

lo2 beare3 — just like that (the subject)

theare3-theare3 meare3-meare3 — fervently, passionately with vigor; characteristics of heavy rain with dark clouds and thunder

chit — to love

meare2 — will

la3 — ?

sa1-nay2 hma2 ywa2 deare1 mo3 lo2 beare3 theare3-theare3 meare3-meare3 chit meare2 la3

Will you love me passionately, like the rain that falls on Saturday?

Well, since I am not an accomplished vocalist, I am not going to sing it for you. I will just read it out (without much passion.)